All manuscripts should conform to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editor's (ICMJE) recommendations and Life and Science's instructions to author. Only online submissions are accepted by Life and Science. The manuscript should be submitted in word document format by the corresponding author through online Open Journal System (OJS) along with signed certificates for Authors Copyright Agreement, Declaration, Conflict of Interest and Checklist. The corresponding author will be responsible for ensuring that the article has been spell checked and grammar checked. The manuscript must include structured abstract, figures, tables, boxes and appendices that are necessary in reporting the study findings in accordance with study design. Word counts are limited (refer to Article Type).

• ARTICLE TYPE
• TERMS OF SUBMISSION
• CONTRIBUTORS
• FORMATTING GUIDELINES
• CONFLICT OF INTEREST
• ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
• DECLARATION

Article Type The following types of manuscripts are accepted at Life and Science journal:
Original Article The original articles must be relevant to the aim and scope of the journal. It should have a structured abstract with 3 - 6 keywords as per MeSH and not more than 6 tables or figures. The data should be supported with no more than 30 references, majority of which should be from last five years. Manuscript should not exceed 3000 words.

• Systematic review / Meta-analysis Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of clinical trials must be reported according to PRISMA or QUOROM guidelines. It should not exceed 4000 words and should have an abstract of 450 - 500 words.
• Clinical trials According to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editor's recommendations (ICMJE), only registered clinical trials (clinicaltrial.gov/ISRCTN/DRAP) will be consider for publication in Life and Science. Reports of trial must conform to the CONSORT guidelines and should be submitted with their protocols.
• Observational Studies Observational studies including cohort, case-control and cross sectional studies, are an important part of clinical research paradigm but are vulnerable to bias and discriminatory reporting. Its highly recommended to conform to STROBE checklist while reporting these studies. Manuscript should not exceed 3000 words and should have an abstract of 300 words.

Review Article A review article should consist of critical overview/analysis of a topic of interest providing the background and recent developments with reference to original literature. It should not exceed 4000 words with 50 references and should have an abstract of no more than 300 words with 3 - 6 key words as per MeSH.
Case Reports Life and Science accepts academic and unusual reports of clinical cases as well as articles about real cases for publication. Case reports should not exceed 1800 words with 10 -15 references and maximum five tables / figures / photomicrographs. All authors of case reports are required to fill in the CARE checklist and attach it with their case reports.
Short Communication Short communication should be complete work, not merely a preliminary report. It should not exceed more than 2000 words with maximum two figures / table with an abstract of no more than 200 words and 12-15 references.
Letters Letters to the editor may include academic opinions related to articles published in Life and Science within the last three months. The Editor reserves the right to rephrase/condense/redact according to the journal policy and sends for peer review if the letter contains scientific data. A letter may be directed to concerned author for a reply which may also be published. A letter should not be more than 500 words, without headings, include not more than five references and should be signed by all the authors (maximum three are allowed).
Terms of Submissions Manuscript must be submitted on the understanding that they are unpublished and are currently not under consideration by another journal. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that the article's publication has been approved by all the coauthors. In case of multicenter studies, it is the responsibility of each author to obtain approval of the relevant institution. An acknowledgment from the editorial office officially establishes the date of receipt. All correspondence and proofs will be sent to corresponding author unless otherwise indicated. It is a condition of submission of a paper that the authors permit editing of the paper for readability.
Contributors All authors should meet the conditions specified by the ICMJE and COPE guidelines http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf . Relevant contributions must be declared for each author which may include study conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting of manuscript and critical revision at the end of article.

Manuscript must be typed in 1.5 paragraph spacing on A4 paper (21.0 x 29.70 cm) with 2.5 cm margin on both sides. Main title should be in 16 point Calibri font bold, headings in 14 point bold and text in 12 point. Paragraphs indented and left aligned with bottom central page numbering.

Quantitative Study Format Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References.

Qualitative Study Format Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Qualitative Approach, Participant Selection strategy, Data Collection Strategy, Themes, Discussion, Conclusion, References.

A. Manuscript Title Page The title page should provide following information:

• Title (up to 25 words): Identifies the topic/research question, study population, study settings, study design (if applicable) with no abbreviations.
• Full author names: separate each name with a comma.
• Address for each author: separate each address name with comma.
• Corresponding author details: give full address of corresponding author along with email ID and contact number.
• Short running title for header.
• Authors are advised to suggest one national & one international Reviewer.

B. Abstract The abstract should be citation-free and in a structured paragraph with objective, study design, place and duration of study, materials and methods, results and conclusion briefly explained. A trial registration number should included if applicable. It must not exceed 300 words, but for CONSORT or PRISMA style abstract word count may go up to 450–500 words.

C. Keywords Three to six keywords (MeSH) in alphabetical order should be provided. All words should start with capital letter and in italic font.

D. Introduction This section should be succinct, without subheadings including background, rationale followed by a gap statement and objectives of the study.

E. Materials and Methods This section should contain sufficient details for purpose of reproducibility of methodology/ procedure. Subsections can be made for description of more than one method. Explanation of sample size, sampling techniques, data collection procedures/techniques/experiments and statistical methods with relevant software program should be given.

F. Results This section can be subdivided if required. Extra or supplementary materials can be placed in an appendix, which will be available in the electronic version of the journal. Please include following terms in the results section of the article:

• For clinical trials: Event rates among experimental and control groups, relative risk reduction (RRR), number needed to treat (NNT), number needed to harm (NNH) and its 95% confidence interval or if the trial is of public health intervention number helped per 1000 or 100,000.
• For cohort study: Odds ratio (OR) for strength of association between exposure and outcome along with 95% confidence interval.
• For diagnostic test study: Sensitivity and specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).

G. Discussion The discussion should emphasize the principal findings of the study in relation to other studies; discuss important similarities and differences; strengths & weaknesses of the study; possible explanations/ implications for the researchers and policy makers.

H. Conclusion The conclusion should be precise and supported by results of the study.

I. Acknowledgements Acknowledgments (if any) should be included at the end of the paper before the references and follow ICMJE recommendations. Funding sources/sponsors should be mentioned separately with grant identification number.

J. Appendices Appendix must have a title and begin on a separate page. It must be labeled with an alphabet (A,B,C). Tables and figures within an appendix should be labeled by Arabic numerals added to the alphabets of the appendix (Table A.1; Fig A.1).

K. References References must be cited consecutively as superscript numerical. Vancouver style of referencing and in-text references should be in numerical order with superscript before full stop. In bibliography doi numbers should be provided (If available) after each reference. Do not write abbreviation of the journal name, write complete name of the journal.

L. Figures Computer prepared images must be at minimum of 300 dpi and should be submitted as JPEG or TIFF format file. All figures should be in a consecutive order. Photographs, X-rays, CT scans, MRI and photomicrographs should be sent in digital format with a minimum resolution of 3.2 mega pixels in JPEG compression. Written permission must be sought to use previously published figures. Graphs or scatter plot or histograms should be submitted along with their numerical data. Legends for photomicrographs should indicate the magnification, internal scale and the method of staining. Figure legends should be provided on a separate page of the main manuscript document.

M. Tables Each table should be given on a separate page, paginated as part of the manuscript. Tables should be provided as editable text constructed in Microsoft Word using Table function with single spaces and without vertical lines. They should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and labeled with a descriptive title. Units of numerical measurement should be written in the column heading and all abbreviations explained in the footnote.

N. Units of Measurement Units of measurement should be consistent throughout the manuscript. System International (SI) or Imperial system may be used.

O. Conflict of Interest Any financial/personal conflict of interest that might influence the results/interpretations of the study must be disclosed.

P. Plagiarism Policy Life and Science follows the guidelines of ICMJE, PMC and HEC for any kind of plagiarism. These guidelines can be accessed at www.icmje.org, www.pmdc.gov.pk and www.hec.gov.pk.  Authors are advised to go through these guidelines before submitting their manuscript with Life and Science. Cases of plagiarism will be dealt according/recommendation of the ICMJE, PMC and HEC. All submitted papers will be checked for plagiarism using the anti-plagiarism software “TURNITIN”. Articles with similarity index more than 19% will not be accepted for processing.

Q. Ethical Consideration Authors are required to provide an approval letter from their respective Institutional Review Board/ Biomedical Ethical Committee/IACUC for all human and animal subject research. As a statement in the manuscript the author must mention that the study obtained ethical approval, include the name of the Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board, the number/ID of the approval, and also that participants gave written informed consent before taking part in the study. In case of photographs or other identifiable material, the author should report that patients have provided their signed consent for publication of such material.

R. Declaration The authors are required to sign and submit the following:

• Certificate of Authorship
• Author Declaration form
• Conflict of Interest form
• Article submission Checklist

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• Authors Copyright Agreement
• Declaration Certificate
• Conflict of Interest
• Authors Check List
• Reviewers Form